As we head into the New Year, it is very easy to forget the controversy and explosive events of last year with regards to the Synod debacle over women bishops - and some other controversies have, of course, overtaken our thinking in recent days, which I will look to write on soon.
But I encourage you to read the following, which is an extended version of my article published today in the
Church Times. It unpacks some of what I believe to be at the heart of the matter.
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Women Bishops: An
Ordinary Radical Event
I believe that the
case for women and men working alongside each other in the Episcopate is an
issue of justice and equality that is found firmly in the Biblical
narrative. My primary case for ‘women
Bishops’ would be what I understand to be the overall story of gender found in
the Bible and from which we understand something of the very nature of God.
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| Bruno Pasqualini |
As in all good
stories, we must start at the very beginning.
Our case begins in Genesis 1.26, where we first find Humankind (traditionally
rendered ‘Man’ – the capital ‘M’ denoting the inclusive representation of men
and women within a ‘type’). This type of
Humankind is then differentiated, male and female, and both are said to be made
in the image of God. In Genesis 2 we find
this interplay becomes further explored as the first human (hb. adam or Dustling) is made from the
ground (hb. adamah or Dust) . We
then learn that ‘it is not good for adam
to be alone’ and so the adam is made
to sleep and from the adam two different beings emerge, the Man (hb. iysh) and the Woman (hb. ishshah). It is clear from the narrative that the adam who fell asleep, is not the quite
the same as the iysh who wakes
up! In other words there was no Man
without Woman and no Woman without Man.
We define each other. In one fell swoop a number of ‘arguments’
suggesting a divinely established hierarchy between the Man and the Woman are
demolished. Adam was not ‘made first’,
Eve was not made from an offcut.
Man and Woman,
uniquely and equally made in the image of God.
So far, so
good. And then it all goes wrong. In Genesis 3, the relationships disintegrate.
Not just between God and humankind, but
between humankind and the Creation, and between the two humans. Man and Woman find themselves in an unequal
relationship of domination and oppression.
This is a direct result of the brokenness that they find themselves in
because they chose to step out of the patterns of relationship which would cause
them to flourish – the story traditionally called ‘The Fall’. To be explicit, the inequality found in the
relationship between men and women is as a result of Sin rather than divine
order. The Man and the Woman find
themselves in patterns of relationship that are destructive. From here – and very quickly – we move from
the happy equal partnership of male and female found in Genesis 1 and 2, to a
situation where women are interchangeable when it comes to sex, marriage and
motherhood. Indeed in a few short years
we find Solomon not with one wife, but with 700! And that is not to mention the concubines: a far cry from the initial intention.
The Biblical
narrative however, does not leave us without clues as to what God’s intention
is regarding this situation. As with all
things broken, by intention or failure, God’s desire is for redemption and
restoration. We find many stories
throughout the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament which indicate that God
is working to restore the relationship between men and women to the equality of
shared humanity found in Genesis 1 and 2.
The first obvious example is with Abram and Sarai. Abram does not understand that Sarai is as
much part of the promise of blessing given in Genesis 12, he has absorbed the
mindset that she is simply an interchangeable object. What is more, she is not going to be very
useful for his job of ‘being the Father of many nations’ because she is
‘barren’. And so when he goes to Egypt,
he sells her to Pharoah to save his skin and get rid of his ‘barren’ wife. But this is not the way that God sees
it. Sarai is to be the Mother of many
nations, the promise is for her too, directly and equally alongside Abram, in
the story of God. God thus rescues Sarai
from Egypt.
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| Cody Miller |
Remaining in
Genesis, we begin to see the effect of this distorted relationship on women
themselves. Sarai and Abram leave Egypt
with some slaves. One of those slaves,
we can assume, is Hagar, who receives very rough treatment from Sarai. Sarai has learned that women can be bought
and sold, and in her treatment of Hagar – the gentile, woman, slave – shows
that she has begun to collude in the story she has inherited. For Sarai, Hagar has a role to conform to and
if she will not, she will have to go!
But here again we see God’s intention.
As Hagar disappears off into the desert, she meets God. In fact she is the first person in the
Biblical narrative to experience the theophany of ‘The Angel of the Lord’. She is the first person to ‘see’ the Lord,
and she is the first person to ‘name’ God in Scripture. She is given her own promise of blessing, to
be a Mother of a Great Nation. And who
is she? She is a Gentile, Woman,
Slave. This story is the opposite
bookend to Galatians 3.28: a mark of God’s intention to have full equality
throughout all humankind.
And there are many
other stories throughout Scripture which indicate God’s desire for full
inclusion and equality between men and women: From the Old Testament; Deborah,
Ruth, Esther: From the New Testament; Mary, Phoebe, Priscilla, Lydia, who were
all shown to have specific qualities of leadership, whether as the archetype of
a disciple, as in the case of Mary, as those in church leadership as in Phoebe
and Priscilla, or business, as in Lydia.
But my particular favourite women from the New Testament are those who
remain unnamed in the text where they are found: the woman at the well, the
woman caught in adultery and the woman who poured oil on Jesus’ feet. These women represent the restoration of
women to their full humanity, quite literally, by God. Jesus takes their shame, whatever it is
deemed to be, and restores them and returns them to their community. Their namelessness indicates the relative
invisibility of women in Scripture, and thus the place of women at that time,
and yet their stories are stories that Jesus makes sure are heard. He does this by subverting the assumptions,
not only of the time, but our assumptions too.
If we briefly unpack one of these ‘nameless women’ stories - that of the
woman caught in adultery - we can see this double subversion. These women have many labels attached to them,
and not just those that we expect to see.
And Jesus undoes them. The woman
caught in adultery has many labels that were given to her in the story – whore,
slut, adulteress – we are well used to, but there are others too. Labels that have built up through many years
of reading these stories through the lenses that we have been given to read
them – not always ‘women friendly’ lenses.
Firstly, and fairly
easily for those brought up on these stories, we sense the misogyny of only the
female half of the adulterous couple being brought before the accusers,
furthermore the hypocrisy of the
accusers to believe that they can stand in judgement over this woman, when
their own sin condemns them. But at this
first level, the woman still has her labels – she is still a whore in the eyes
of those reading at this level only. She
may be a forgiven whore, but that is still a defining label for her. However there is another level at which we
might read this story and see the true liberation and restoration which Jesus’
brings to this woman. Women and sex has
always been an issue for those reading and interpreting the stories of women in
Scripture – it is an issue for all these nameless women. When women and sex come together in
Scripture it often exposes the ugly truth of how women are viewed and valued. It is easy for us to read this story and see
the redeemed whore, but better for us to look at this story and see a fully
human woman. This is in fact what Jesus
does for this woman. Of course he does
expose the misogyny and hypocrisy of the situation; those are indeed part of
the restoration. He sees that this woman
is being used as a pawn in their game to test him. She is not really a person to them. But she is a person to Jesus and he refuses
to let her be peripheral, as the accusers want.
She becomes the point of the story.
He reminds the accusers that they are, in the depths of their humanity,
the same as her (‘Let those who have
no sin…’). And it is not simply a ‘sin
thing’ it is a ‘human thing’, they are all human beings experiencing the same
human condition. Finally, right at the
end of the story he says to the woman ‘go and sin no more’. And rather than seeing these words as a
confirming her status as a redeemed whore, we should understand them better in
the light of Jesus desire to restore her humanity. The reality is that her power to choose her
sexual relationships was significantly diminished as a woman living in 1st
Century Palestine. In telling her to ‘go
and sin no more’, he is liberating her to make different choices in a world
where her choices feel limited. Jesus
has exposed the misogyny and hypocrisy of the men involved in her shame; he has
revealed that they are all deeply humanly the same; and he empowers her to be
liberated to make her choices, to be fully human as a woman.
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| David Hayward |
But actually it is how we interpret Genesis
that forms how we understand these further stories and the rest of Scripture
when it comes to men and women. If the
nature of both male and female can be found equally in God, as indicated in
Genesis 1, then God’s nature provides us with the model for relationship
between men and women. There is no
hierarchy in God and there is no hierarchy indicated in Genesis between the man
and the woman. Jesus constantly attempts
to restore this non-hierarchical relationship between the sexes in his
encounters with women.
I believe that
working for the inclusion of women in the Episcopate is the continuing story of
God, found in Scripture, working to restore men and women to their right
relationship.
But let us take a
moment of pause. Those who disagree with
my position on this would have a very different interpretation, not just of Genesis,
but of a number of other key texts in Scripture. I am not going to deal with all the key texts
in the New Testament which seem to prohibit women teaching or becoming
leaders/priests in church setting in depth, those will be dealt with by another
contributor, however I do wish to say a little about them and also about how we
approach Scripture.
It is not enough to
say that all Scripture unequivocally
affirms women in Church leadership, we all know that there are tricky texts, we
hear them often. However the most quoted
texts, 1Tim2 and 1Cor14 have all been gone over with a fine tooth comb when it
comes to how we interpret them in when it comes to women in leadership, in this
I am not saying anything new. The text
in 1Cor14v34, which states that women are not permitted to speak in church is clear
to those who endorse a ‘plain meaning’
approach to Scripture because it simply ‘says what it says’. How can women lead in churches when these
words exist in Scripture? However, even
within the same letter of Paul (1Cor11v5), it seems clear that women do, in
fact, speak in church – to pray and prophesy.
If we take the 1Cor14 verse at ‘plain meaning’ then we do so in
contradiction to the whole narrative of Scripture and even to the rest of
Paul’s teaching within the same letter.
It does us well to remember that we are listening to one half of a
conversation, when we read the letters in Scripture, sometimes we do not have
the knowledge to understand exactly what the other half of the conversation
was. To interpret this one verse in such
a way that it seems to undermine the story of God’s restoration of the
relationship between male and female, does violence to God’s Word written. 1Cor14v34 can indeed seem so dissonant to its
immediate and wider context that it led Gordon Fee, that eminent evangelical NT
scholar to suggest that Gordon Fee says: "Although these two verses are
found in all known manuscripts, either here or at the end of the chapter, the
two text-critical criteria of transcriptional and intrinsic probability combine
to cast considerable doubt on their authenticity." (The First Epistle to the Corinthians, The
New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. Gordon D. Fee, Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987, 699.). This of
course seems an extreme approach, particularly to sister evangelicals, and I
would prefer to suggest that there is a conversation occurring in the context
to which we are, perhaps, unaware and which would be the interpretative key to
this ‘odd’ verse. Nevertheless, we need
to take seriously the scholarship which honours the text and yet finds this
particular verse untenable if we are to take the whole Bible seriously.
Similarly with the contentious 1Tim2v12, one of the most difficult to interpret
in Scripture, and which, Tom Wright suggests, should in fact be interpreted in
the opposite way to that in which it
has traditionally been understood.
Rather than saying that women should not teach, Wright says, Paul is
writing to endorse women teaching. Verse
12 rather than saying that women should not have authority over a man, is
rather saying ‘I don’t mean to imply that I’m now setting up women as the new
authority over men, in the same way as previously men held authority over
women’ (Paul for Everyone: Pastoral Letters: 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus, Great
Britain: Westminster Knox Press, 2003, 25).
As Wright goes on to say, the signs are there that Ephesus, the context
into which Paul is writing to Timothy, is rife with the cult of Artemis and the
worship of the goddess Diana. In this
situation Paul is keen to say that women are not now ‘in charge’ in the way
that men had been assumed to be prior to Christ’s reversal of that assumed
order. However, the dynamite in 1Tim is
that Paul is saying that women must be allowed to be educated, learners and
teachers under submission to God, just as men have been and should continue to be.
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| posted by tribalicious |
Having said all
this, I would want to say that these interpretations are nothing new. Any basic
foray into theological study or investigation of a commentary will give us the
tools to understand the meaning of these verses. And there are different ways to interpret
these texts. We have to admit to there
being an element of choice in the conclusions that we come to about their true
meaning. The reality for me is that the
overall narrative of the Biblical story leaves us with no other trajectory than
to establish women and men alongside each other leading the Church. It is not a case of dismissing those other
texts, but of understanding them within the whole story. I do not dismiss 1Tim2, but I do read it in
the context of the whole narrative of
Scripture. In doing this I understand
Wright’s translation of 1Tim2v12 to be more consistent with that narrative. Indeed
I believe this approach to be a more deeply biblical approach than the
so-called ‘plain meaning’ approach. Undeniably
‘plain meaning’ is itself influenced by context and formation so as to be
disingenuous to be called ‘plain meaning’ at all. There is no such thing.
Indeed, I delight in
the God who comes to dwell with humanity and who has worked with humanity in
the particularity of their historical context.
But this means that it is not neat and tidy. The ‘right’ options are not always open to
God. When I read the book of Joshua, for
example, I find myself uncertain, confused and disturbed by the divinely
ordered genocide I find there. I would
argue that is exactly the right way to read it.
It is confusing and deeply
disturbing! I do not think it sanctions
those actions, instead I choose to understand it within the context of God
working within humanity as it is.
Sometimes this means that there are practices which were culturally
appropriate at a particular point in human history, which are simply not
appropriate or even morally right, at this
point in human history. We would not
advocate the Joshua approach to geographical relocation now and we rightly
question whether it was the right thing then!
We do not consider women as chattel to be bought and sold, we happily
take out mortgages, borrow money at interest, wear hats and polyester/cotton
mix clothes and live in a world where slavery is understood to be ‘a bad thing’. All of these biblical practices we have
understood within their particular cultural and historical context and have
reversed the practice seen in the pages of Scripture. When we read Scripture we must read it with those
lenses, rejoicing that God enters human history and that that includes whatever
‘mess’ is there. But we must also open
our eyes to scan the whole story: a story which affirms the place of women and
men together, equally, for the glory of God.
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Barbara Perrin Chu
Deborah is God's answer to Israel's cries |
The relationship between men and women has been distorted
from almost the beginning of human history.
The Biblical writers saw this as the reality in which we are living and
have sought to address it at the different points of history in which they are
writing. We see this story from Genesis,
through the Pentateuch and the Torah to the New Testament in which Jesus
continues to restore this relationship to the intended equality and Paul writes
gender equality dynamite both to Ephesus and Galatia (Gal3v28). The choices that we make in what to believe
about the role and place of women in the human endeavour will themselves be
formed by our own context and formation.
We need to own this if we are to get anywhere in recognising where we
are now in the discussions regarding women in the Episcopate. The weight of Scripture points towards a new
reality in which men and women work together in equality, this begins in
Genesis and continues throughout the Biblical narrative. However, as with other ethical questions
throughout history, our cultural context impinges on our ability to break with
the status quo and imagine a new way of being.
In a world where the vast majority of women experience explicit
oppression daily and others bear the implicit inequality so commonplace that we
forget to expose it, it is unsurprising that there are those who work for this
to remain our paradigm. It is truly
world-shattering to make a change. But
there are clues as to how to do this, both within Scripture and in our own
history. God answers Israel’s cries for
help with Deborah, Jesus exposes hypocrisy and misogyny by liberating a woman
about to be stoned and Wilberforce spent his life repeating the same arguments
over and over again until the world changed.
As Christmas and Epiphany begin to fade from our memories
and our world gets busy again with day to day life, we can forget the radical
nature of our own faith. The nature of
the world was changed by the ordinary event of birth. We are now in the pregnant pause before women
Bishops are given life, but when they appear, it will be world changing, but
will also seem a very ordinary radical event.